Throughout your lifetime, dentures will need to be replaced and adjusted which can become time consuming and expensive. It is a simple fact that dentures start to become loose and can break through normal activities such as talking, eating, etc. If a denture arch breaks, it may be possible to repair but in some cases it will need to be replaced entirely.
The initial appointment started with a consultation. I didn't actually have anything done that day. The dentist and an assistant came in and gave me the costs as well as explained the process. They were fairly thorough and had no problems answering my questions. At this point I figured that I had maybe dodged a bullet. I was very hopeful that I was going to be one of the lucky ones.
anything else they could help her with they would refund her . My mother explained she couldn't t eat with bottom dentures. They sent her home with no teeth.  Very unprofessional. Elderly people need extra patience. She had arranged rides to their office several times to correct problem ( she lived 40 miles away ) . Very very unhappy with this company.
Support is the principle that describes how well the underlying mucosa (oral tissues, including gums) keeps the denture from moving vertically towards the arch in question during chewing, and thus being excessively depressed and moving deeper into the arch. For the mandibular arch, this function is provided primarily by the buccal shelf, a region extending laterally from the back or posterior ridges, and by the pear-shaped pad (the most posterior area of keratinized gingival formed by the scaling down of the retro-molar papilla after the extraction of the last molar tooth). Secondary support for the complete mandibular denture is provided by the alveolar ridge crest. The maxillary arch receives primary support from the horizontal hard palate and the posterior alveolar ridge crest. The larger the denture flanges (that part of the denture that extends into the vestibule), the better the stability (another parameter to assess fit of a complete denture). Long flanges beyond the functional depth of the sulcus are a common error in denture construction, often (but not always) leading to movement in function, and ulcerations (denture sore spots).

The process of getting dentures requires several appointments, usually over a period of several weeks.  Highly accurate impressions (molds) and measurements are taken and used to create your custom denture.  Several “try-in” appointments may be necessary to ensure proper shape, color, and fit.  At the final appointment, your dentist will precisely adjust and place the completed denture, ensuring a natural and comfortable fit.
In cases where teeth need to be removed, an immediate denture is typically placed to enable proper healing of the extraction sites and serve as an esthetic replacement for natural teeth. This can be easily modified for changing ridge contours during healing until final dentures can be made. In constructing the immediate dentures, dentists will use a shade and mold chart to choose replacement teeth that will most closely match your natural teeth, minimizing any changes in appearance.
On my 3rd visit back to readjust my partial...I was going to a wedding and the Dr. wanted me to come back in to make sure it fit. The girl who took care of me (short curly auburn/reddish hair said the partial could not be adjust. I told her the Dr. adjusted it last week for me. Then she said: "well, you are just going to have to learn to adjust it yourself at home in a mean, stern voice.
New dentures may feel a little odd or loose for a few weeks until the muscles of the cheeks and tongue learn to keep them in place and you get comfortable inserting and removing them. Also, it is not unusual for minor irritation or soreness to occur and for saliva flow to increase when you first start wearing dentures, but these problems will diminish as the mouth adjusts.

The Premium Denture is very high in natural appearance. It features enhanced natural appeal, wear and stain resistance, with detailed customization. As with the UltimateFit and EconomyPlus Dentures, the Premium’s extra-high density teeth are first set in wax for you to try in. Changes may be made at that time. After you have approved the look of your Premium Denture, the lab will custom finish your denture in the permanent acrylic base material. This additional customization results in a more natural look.
Two to six dental implants that support a removable denture plate can cost $3,500-$30,000 or more depending on the number and type of implants (mini-implants are less expensive), denture materials (in some cases an existing denture plate can be adapted for use with implants) and any other procedures needed. A full set (upper and lower) of implants and dentures can cost $7,000-$90,000 or more.
Terrible place. Had to go back several times because the denture they made tore up my gum. This is after I filed the rough spots off the denture myself at home. They said they could not adjust it anymore and would not make one that fit properly. Now they are even lying about that. Most of the people I talked to while waiting forever also were having problems with their painful dentures made there. Go to a quality dentist even if the cost is a little more, you will save time and pain in the long run. This place doesn't take appointments so expect to waste a day.
For most cases, this office is well equipped and able to be of great benefit.  If you have a difficult case, you may need someone with a greater level of ability. I am unfortunately unable to rate this practice very high, while mine is a delicate and difficult case, I was left to find another professional to help me complete my implant process that was started with this office.
Review: My mother’s health isn’t the best so I make all her appointments and take her to them as well. I called all over town getting information on dentures and the process. Afterall, I don’t know anything about it and from the first phone to Natural Dentures, I felt comfortable. They didnt try and sell me anything AND they answered every question I asked and even offered more. \r I ended up taking my mother there for services and I was very impressed. The entire staff treated us with respect and dignity. I expected from any business to try and be sold on the best quality dentures available and be told my mother HAS to have implants, like a few other local places told me and Natural Dentures didn’t do that. In fact, we were told, in my mother’s case, we would benefit just fine with the middle of the road quality of denture. \r We saw both Todd and Nels on different appointments and we enjoyed them both. We felt like we were visiting with friends. Many times we found ourselves looking forward to our next “”dental”” appointment!! Where else??\r The outcome is important too and it was outstanding! They held our hands along the way with explaining the process and when the dentures were finished, not only did they look beautiful, but after a few adjustment appointments, (which we were told to expect and is normal for new dentures) my mother is smiling and eating great again. It’s been over 8 months now and still very, very happy with Natural Dentures. \r Frankly, it surprises me very much at some of the other reviews because it’s such a drastic contrast to our experience and seemingly anyone else I witnessed in the waiting room.\r I would suggest go meet them yourself and make your mind up then. I think you’ll be pleasantly surprised.
If you do not have much money and you need dental care or extractions and a full denture you can try calling Missions od Mercy and go to one of their free clinics...Many states are now doing the LARELL One Step Denture for the clinic patients...You can have teeth removed and after that get a free LARELL Denture if Missions of Mercy has the denture clinic... Just takes an hour and you leave with brand new great looking dentures. You can call and see if they offer the Larell clinic for dentures... I got mine in Sacramento Ca last year and they are really great.
So I wound up with my partial getting a tooth put in it as I thought they would pull my tooth but when the doctor's fax came, it still was not good enough for them. I believe that he just did not want to service me by pulling my tooth. I have a partial I cannot wear because the tooth put in there it will not fit in my mouth. I have to say that never in my life and I'm 59 now, have I ever been treated so badly by a doctor. The way he spoke to me in front of everyone in the office and people in the waiting room. I was so taken off guard by that.
Acrylic partial dentures are more affordable, but they tend to feel more bulky. This partial has an acrylic base into which the denture teeth are set and is attached to your natural teeth with small metal clasps. The acrylic partial may be available with more durable, natural-looking teeth. The practice staff can inform you of availability in each office.
Throughout the years, a key driver of our expansion (now more than 230 affiliated practice locations...and counting!) has been Affordable Care, a dental support organization that equips affiliated practice owners to meet their ever-growing patient needs. Affordable Care provides lab and business services through a nationwide network of on-site Affordable Dentures Dental Laboratories (ADDL) and extensive nonclinical support.

dr recommended immediate dentures. what I read on immediate dentures was that they are generally temporary. apparently per this dentist not so. now wants to charge 380 for reline knowing the bone was receded a lot and would have to reline right away. given all I know now, I would never go to this dentist again. ask more questions, get more estimates from other dentists. upper plate only has 12 teeth in it. inside of teeth do not touch lower permanent teeth, gap of at least 1/8 " between gm and inside of plate, gum does not touch bottom of gums at all.
I went in for my finals and just like last time everyone was great everything went fast I was… I went in for my finals and just like last time everyone was great everything went fast I was treated like a queen and like I said before I highly recommend affordable dentures for dentures implants what ever they do they are awesome my smile is awesome I feel awesome I Christopher Atari and his staff from the bottom of my heart thank you thank you thank you and God bless I highly highly recommend affordable dentures sincerely Toni Barajas Read more
If it was possible I would give them an absolute minus 10 Stars. First off I go in the office. The staff that greeted me was polite that I will give them. Had X-rays done. Was waiting to see what the doctor would say. When he came in he had no bedside manner. I was leaning back in a chair and shook his hand and he said he would try to save a couple of teeth whatever. Was talking for a little bit and then walked out of the room. I don't know if it was an assistant I assume was telling me options I had. Then the doctor Vick walked in and I thought he was joking at first. He asked me why I squeeze his hand so hard when I shook it. Mind you the hand I shook with has been broken and operated on before and still has issues.
It takes practice to put in and take out a removable partial denture. It may feel a bit odd or tight for the first few weeks. But in time, you should get used to it. Never force the denture into place by biting down. This could bend or break the clasps or damage your teeth. If you have a problem with your new partial denture, talk with your dentist.

Hello, I hate to leave a bad review about anything but I started my "new teeth" adventure in May 2017, my husband had paid upfront for the ultimate fit package and I was 100% sure there were no teeth solid enough to leave in my mouth, but, they (Dr **) & Staff did. I feel from what was told to me by the Dr., the bottom front 6... they are absolutely not supposed to be in my mouth and after the horrible almost year of no teeth except for the rotted bottom and being told one thing yet getting the exact opposite when the appointment took place and at the end of the journey to get my permanent's on top and a very sketchy partial which had already poked a hole through the enamel on my own tooth, repeated calls and in person visit being told that I "had to wait until they fall out"..??!! REALLY?!


Dentures must be handled with great care and placed in a container of water or denture cleaner when not being worn. They should never be placed in hot water, for they can be damaged or warped. They must be cleaned daily using a soft toothbrush with soap and water. The mouth should be rinsed daily without the dentures in place to clean off any plaque and reduce the risk of infection like candidiasis.
Affordable Dentures, Carrollton, GA. Waited 2 hrs after appointment time to be seen for consult. Dentist friendly & makes promises regarding customer service he doesn't keep. Front office staff rude. 1st adjustment scheduled 4 weeks prior, day 8 after surgery, waited over hour and still not seen. Couldn't reschedule me until 8 days later. 2nd adjustment they couldn't see me for 11 days even though gagging. Every time I go long wait after appointment time. Hard to get appointments. Only positive is I like look of denture & 1 tech Allana is extremely helpful and friendly. I'd pay more for better customer service!
The reason the cost for either "new" (conventional, non-immediate) or "replacement" full dentures is the same is that for the most part all of the steps that the dentist must take, and the number of appointments needed, are essentially the same in both cases. Also, all of the costs they encounter (like the price they pay a dental laboratory to fabricate the appliance) are the same too.
My wife started her denture procedure at the Bethany Home office. On November 14th she had three implants installed. Had an appoint to get the stiches out in 3 weeks. Got a call the day before our appointment and they cancelled because they did not have  doctor. Since starting in June we have been thru three doctors. There is currently no doctor at that office. When I called there corporate office they referred me to the Sun City Office. Sun City gave an appointment for Wednesday at 11 and called back within the hour to cancel and said they were not taking Bethany Home patients till after the 1st of the year. Adele at corporate worked hard to get us set up with the Mesa office. Said they would call within the hour and they did. Darb called (supper nice lady) and gave us an appoint for the very next day. When we got to the office all of the people were amazing. They made us feel very welcomed and we are excited about having them finish the procedure. I recommend Affordable Dentures. Save yourself the time and go right to the Mesa office.
If you are suffering from loss of teeth, there is no reason not to talk to your dentist about the installation of dentures. They offer clear benefits and modern dentures are very natural looking and leave you with a smile even a dentist would struggle to tell apart from the real thing. Whether you or someone in your household is in need of complete upper dentures, Carefree Dental can save you money on the procedure, as well as on most dental procedures!
If you are suffering from loss of teeth, there is no reason not to talk to your dentist about the installation of dentures. They offer clear benefits and modern dentures are very natural looking and leave you with a smile even a dentist would struggle to tell apart from the real thing. Whether you or someone in your household is in need of complete upper dentures, Carefree Dental can save you money on the procedure, as well as on most dental procedures!
Yes. Good oral health is still important – even if you have a few missing teeth. In addition to caring for your new dental prosthetic, you’ll also need to brush your gums and tongue twice daily to stimulate circulation and remove bacteria that could cause gum disease. Continue seeing your dentist twice yearly for exams and cleanings, and be sure to bring your partial dentures along to each visit. After a few years, you may find that your partial needs to be rebased to better fit the changes to the bone structure in your mouth.
I'm 41 and have needed dentures because of illness for a few years now. I researched and looked at reviews for many different places, but I am so glad I picked Dr. Redditt and his staff to guide me through this emotional journey and process. First off I have been petrified of dentists since I was a little girl, due to a horrible incident, so I of course let the office aware of that and they were very accommodating. Secondly I suffer from a severe & chronic anxiety disorder, so these guys really had their work cut out with me to say the least. Step by step from making my first appointment on the phone, & then for my consultation I was treated very kindly. They explained things very thoroughly to me, and addressed every worry & question I had & there was of course a lot of those coming from me, lol. Day of surgery & I have 25 teeth extracted & a lower bone grafting done, with only novocain and I can tell you that it was made so comfortable & relaxing for me. With my girls guiding me with support through the door & all the way to the room & then Dr. Redditt's calming demeanor, it was the least painful & pleasantly surprising process I have ever experienced. Nothing like the scary things I was thinking in my head. He would joke with me & my husband throughout, and he always told me what his next step was, which I totally appreciated. We were humming along to the music & although I had a couple of stubborn teeth, I felt absolutely no pain or discomfort whatsoever, not even after! No bruising, barely any swelling, I mean nothing horrible or intolerable at all so I know he is a wonderful dentist. He was just awesome! I am now in the second phase and I have gotten to be buddies with pretty much the entire staff there. Them girls & Dr. Redditt spoil me rotten & take care of every complaint I have had. I also have had 2 emergencies, first one I broke my bottom denture & they had me come in & had a new one ready for me the next day! Second time I was camping & coming home for 2 days only to go back on vacation, & was the victim of theft which somebody had stolen my bag & yup got my top denture... needless to say Dr. Redditt & my girls had me come in & that same day I went home with a brand new replacement. I can't say enough good things about this place & all of the wonderful people who work here. I will say that this whole process is a long journey, sometimes good & sometimes bad of course, and without this dedicated group of women & such a caring Doctor like him, I would be lost and probably very depressed. They have literally made me smile again, and I have beautiful teeth now! They will go above and beyond to help you & give you what you want, and I am extremely grateful to have found them. If you are starting this journey or maybd you just need a second opinion or have questions, undoubtedly you will be in great hands here. Thanks so much to Dr. Redditt & his incredible staff, (especially my "Wonder Women" from the front desk & all the way to the back) you all have changed my life so much for the better, and I am extremely grateful.
When we say we’re changing the face of dentistry, we mean it in every sense. Wait until you see the difference that same-day service makes. It differentiates AD&I affiliated practices and Affordable Care and, most important of all, transforms the lives of patients. So you can expect to see smiles and to hear how you and your teammates have impacted their lives. And isn’t that why you do what you do?
Review: The thought of having my teeth pulled and receiving dentures was a very difficult decision for me, however I am more then satisfied with my dentures and the team environment at the Eugene office. Nel was always so very accommodating to my denture needs and Stacy was always helpful and joyful. If I were to give some marketing advice to your clinic I would have wanted to talk with someone who had been through the transition. In addition I have now given referrals to some potential future clients but I don’ believe that there is a way for your office to know that.
The safe, healthy choice is to not sleep with your partial denture in place. Sleeping with partial dentures is not recommended for a number of reasons. Partial dentures are designed to be cleaned outside the mouth – which also provides the opportunity to ensure no food particles are lodged under or around the partial. Proper oral care and keeping you partial denture clean is vital for the overall health of your gums. From a physical standpoint, your gums will benefit from the opportunity to rest and recover. Also, some patients may clench their teeth in their sleep. This pressure can cause damage to both natural teeth as well as dentures.
I have also had three teeth crack and break because of the uneven pressure exerted on them. I went along thinking this was just my destiny and the results of getting older until I recently had another tooth pulled and a real dentist evaluated my partials and explained this all to me. I am having a new set made next week by real professionals and throwing away the junk Affordable Dentures made for me. And by the way, I have never been treated so rudely in such a condescending manner as I was. Don't be stupid, naive, and complacent like I was. Go to a real dentist and get real dentures even if you have to work out a payment plan.
Remember: You can do serious harm to your denture and to your health by trying to adjust or repair your denture. Using a do-it-yourself kit can damage the appliance beyond repair. Glues sold over-the-counter often contain harmful chemicals and should not be used on a denture. If your denture breaks, cracks or chips, or if one of the teeth becomes loose, call your dentist immediately. In many cases, dentists can make necessary adjustments or repairs, often on the same day. Complicated repairs may require that the denture be sent to a special dental laboratory. 
Implant placement: The dental implants, which resemble small screws made of titanium, are surgically placed in the jawbone. In effect, a dental implant replaces the tooth's natural root. Each implant is inserted into the gums and jawbone through a small incision. One of the advantages of implant-supported dentures is that fewer implants can be placed than teeth. For complete upper dentures, between six and eight implants are placed. For complete lower dentures, four to five implants are placed. After the implants have been placed, the gums and bone will take three to six months to grown in around the implant, a process called osseointegration.
Premium dentures can cost $2,000-$4,000 per plate, or $4,000-$8,000 or more for a set. Dentures in this price range are a personalized fit, use high-end materials to simulate the look of gums and teeth as closely as possible, last a long time and are warranted against chipping and cracking for 5-10 years or longer. Often the price includes several follow-up visits to fine-tune the fit.
This will be my second set of dentures. I've learned there are different types for different budgets. My first pair were premium and lasted over 25 years. After searching all over town 1 800 dentist referred me to Dr Jerry he is semi retired and wonderful he mastered dentures but there not cheap but you get what you pay for. So if you need dentures try to afford the premium cause cheap dentures are not worth it in the long run
It's been good. Dr Chi was the dr that started the denture process. Dr Chi left and dr Russo took over our case today. Dr Russo was very pleasant to work with. I drive my neighbor to the appts. She is blind and has had a vey bad gagging issue. So far everyone has been very patient and tried hard getting the dentures to fit. it's been more difficult in her case with the gagging issue. The women in the office are all wonderful. More
Jump up ^ Maeda, Y; Kenny, F; Coulter, W; Loughrey, A; Nagano, Y; Goldsmith, C; Millar, B; Dooley, J; James, S; Lowery, C; Rooney, P; Matsuda, M; Moore, J (2007). "Bactericidal activity of denture-cleaning formulations against planktonic healthcare-associated and community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus". American Journal of Infection Control. 35 (9): 619–22. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.01.003. PMID 17980242.
It can be all too easy to forget the important role that your teeth play in your quality of life. However, when teeth are lost or severely compromised due to trauma or decay, it becomes painfully clear that a complete and healthy smile is absolutely essential in order to enjoy your favorite foods, make positive impressions on others, and speak with clarity and confidence. Read Full Article

Premium heat cured dentures can cost $2,000-$4,000 per denture, or $4,000-$8,000 or more for a set. Dentures in this price range are usually completely customized and personalized, use high-end materials to simulate the lifelike look of gums and teeth as closely as possible, last a long time and are warranted against chipping and cracking for 5–10 years or longer. Often the price includes several follow-up visits to fine-tune the fit.


Went in and spent all day got a new upper denture and ask if it could be tighter dentist told assistance to let me get back in and get a soft liner on them so this was on sat when I called back on Monday the man that works behind the desk told me they don’t see people around 4 but he said I will ask the dr and call you back tomorrow and let you know, so I called in today on Saturday hoping to catch him in my dentures don’t line up and I cannot chew food with them and they are spots that have rub my gums sore and next week this coming Monday I will call bbb and will put a review on the internet that they will not like for business.
While wearing removable dentures, patients should not chew gum or use toothpicks. In addition, patients need to be careful when eating food that is hot or hard, as well as anything with bones or shells. It may take a while to get used to chewing with dentures, so Dallas Laser Dentistry suggests patients start with softer foods that are cut into small pieces. Chewing slowly and using both sides of the mouth may also help some patients.

BOAZ, ALABAMA -- I had the more expensive flexible partials made there about two weeks after I had several teeth pulled. The roots had broken off the teeth when the free clinic pulled them. I told the technician this and she failed to tell me that I should wait until the tooth fragments worked their way out of my gums and as a result there is a big gap between the outside of my gum and the denture. Big enough to pack a lunch in when I eat. Then the technician actually moved the mold cup before the mold was set then pushed it back into place.
It is important to inquire about the dentist’s training and experience when investigating the denture procedure. Although many general dentists offer the treatment, prosthodontists receive three years of advanced training in restorative dentistry. As a result they may be a better or more experienced option for you to consider when it comes to dentures or an alternative like implants or bridges. The American College of Prosthodontists offers additional resource information about the training of prosthodontists in the U.S.
Partial dentures are an appropriate solution when the other teeth in your mouth are healthy. It is always preferable to keep your natural teeth, however, if this is not an option, a full denture may be the right solution for you. DDS Dentures + Implant Solutions also offers the All-In-One dental implant solution – a more permanent, implant-based solution that “fixes” your dentures in place. Learn more about the All-In-One Solution.
This was one of the best and most helpful Dentists that I have been to in my life. I came in for a free x-ray and consultation appointment only with hopes of getting work done soon. Unfortunately I developed an abscess the day before my appointment. Well when I got there (Moyock, NC) they noticed I was in pain and decided I needed help ASAP so after the xray they offered to take care of the abscess and tooth! They worked very quickly and gave me a denture, all for a really awesome price. Highly recommended to anyone in need of any extraction or denture.
Walked in without an appointment Saturday at 650am for denture repairs. Only one other person before me. So they did see me. You get A star for that They did the repair but the denture had residue left on the teeth really messy I couldn't believe they gave it to me like that. I had to send it back for them to clean it up. My thought was is this suppose to be professionally repaired for almost $200 . To replace a tooth. I could believe they brought it to me like that. I had to send it back again after trying the denture on because it hurt . They corrected the problems eventually and for that I give 2 more stars...

The denture itself is not very good. Again, I fault this due to a low paid lab worker, who is probably texting while he makes the denture. It clearly did not fit properly, too much in one area, too little in another. I am glad that I have had a partial for years and an upper for years, as I know what can be done to alleviate the pressure points. I had to remove material in several spots on the lower edges of the denture, to keep it from bruising my gums.
This is my third time taking my grandpa to this establishment. Every time our “appointment” is never when we go back. We have to wait almost 3 hours to even get to the back. When I asked someone at the desk how long it would be they said “you are next to go back” that was almost an hour ago, and more than 7 people have went in before us. If you make an appointment you should not have to wait 3 hours for someone who has not made an appointment.
TYLER, TEXAS -- I went to Affordable Dentures in Tyler, because I could not afford a regular dentist. I had 7 teeth to be extracted and a full lower plate to be put in. These are the beginning stages, as this is the first temporary plate. The permanent plate will not come until 6mo to 1yr after this initial plate... First of all, call ahead and get the information about their hours. Anyone wanting a consultation needs to be at the office at 1 P.M. They only do consultations in the afternoon. Also remember to bring a book, as this place is packed with poor people and there will be a long wait. It may be 5:30 P.M. until you are seen, but you will be seen...
Premium dentures can cost $2,000-$4,000 per plate, or $4,000-$8,000 or more for a set. Dentures in this price range are a personalized fit, use high-end materials to simulate the look of gums and teeth as closely as possible, last a long time and are warranted against chipping and cracking for 5-10 years or longer. Often the price includes several follow-up visits to fine-tune the fit.
Other denture cleaning methods include enzymes, ultrasonic cleansers and microwave exposure.[32] A Cochrane Review found that there is weak evidence to support soaking dentures in effervescent tablets or in enzymatic solutions and while the most effective method for eliminating plaque is not clear, the review shows that brushing with paste eliminates microbial plaque better than inactive methods. There is a need for studies to provide reports about the cost of materials and the negative effects that may be associated with their use as these factors could affect the acceptability of such materials by patients which will in turn affect their effectiveness in a daily setting in the long term. Additionally putting dentures into a dishwasher overnight can be a hndy short cut when away from home. Additionally, further studies comparing the different methods of cleaning dentures are needed.[39]
Lab management needs better education on how to speak to employees when they make mistakes and to not put so much pressure on trying to make everything perfect. I felt as after my 90 days were up the lab manager started treating me differently in a negative way. I know I was struggling and my performance may have been slightly off towards the end due to personal issues but management could have handled it differently instead of being more demanding.
The term oral cancer includes cancer of the mouth (oral cavity) and the back of the mouth (oropharynx). Red and white patches inside the mouth, bleeding, loose teeth, pain upon swallowing, a lump in the neck, earache, and a sore on your lip or in your mouth that won't heal are all symptoms of oral cancer. Treatment for oral cancer depends upon the staging of the disease and usually involves surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
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