Dentures are removable appliances that can replace missing teeth and help restore your smile. If you’ve lost all of your natural teeth, whether from gum disease, tooth decay or injury, replacing missing teeth will benefit your appearance and your health. That’s because dentures make it easier to eat and speak better than you could without teeth—things that people often take for granted.


Teeth can fall out for a number of reasons, ranging from genetics to drug abuse. Most commonly, teeth are removed or fall out on their own due to severe tooth decay. Neglect to upkeep oral hygiene or not seeking proper treatment for damaged teeth, can lead to the onset of decay which in turn leads to loss of teeth. Visiting you dentist in 6 month intervals is a good preventive measure to spot any early signs of decay.
Been struggling with getting my dentures since June. After waiting weeks for first appointment, came back for second appointment. Was told can't complete services because location was then closing for a week because first doc was fired. Asked me to reschedule at least a week after reopening since they'd need to catch up. So I rearranged my schedule. OK. Came back yesterday, Thursday, and the girl dropped my impression on the floor right in front of me, then told me to come back at 1:00. I asked if needed to redo the impression but she just brushed it off. As soon as I was 10 miles away, I was called back to redo the impression because they needed a better one. OK. So I return and make another impression, and left with pain, bleeding, and swelling. Told to return at 1:30 to get my new teeth. OK.
Some patients who believe they have 'bad teeth' may consider having all of them extracted and replaced with complete dentures. However, statistics show that most patients who receive this treatment wind up regretting it. This is because complete dentures have only 10% of the chewing power of natural teeth, and it is difficult to get them fitted satisfactorily, particularly in the mandibular arch. Even if a patient retains one tooth there, that one tooth contributes significantly to the stability of the denture. However, retention of just one or two teeth in the upper jaw does not contribute much to the overall stability of a denture, since an upper complete denture tends to be very stable, in contrast to a lower complete denture. It is thus advised that patients keep their natural teeth as long as possible, especially in the case of lower teeth.
Conventional full dentures are used to replace a full set of teeth either on the upper or lower jaw. When all of the patient’s natural teeth have been removed and the gum tissues have healed, conventional full dentures may be placed in the mouth. In between, the patient may be fitted with an immediate denture that can be inserted on the same day the teeth are extracted. Using immediate full dentures is beneficial for the patient because this means that he does not have to go without teeth for a certain period. Readjustment of the dentures will have to be made after several months because the supporting bone will reshape as it heals and this will cause the denture to loosen.
Stuart admired the sculpture of Washington by French artist Jean-Antoine Houdon, probably because it was based on a life mask and therefore extremely accurate. Stuart explained, "When I painted him, he had just had a set of false teeth inserted, which accounts for the constrained expression so noticeable about the mouth and lower part of the face. Houdon's bust does not suffer from this defect. I wanted him as he looked at that time." Stuart preferred the Athenaeum pose and, except for the gaze, used the same pose for the Lansdowne painting.[20]

Removable partial dentures. Although these don't require grinding down adjacent teeth, they are not nearly as stable or comfortable as dental implants and can affect speech and eating. This type of restoration is less expensive but doesn’t look as natural or function as well as an implant-supported crowns. The bone underneath a removable partial denture may deteriorate over time, changing the appearance of your smile and face.
BOAZ, ALABAMA -- I had the more expensive flexible partials made there about two weeks after I had several teeth pulled. The roots had broken off the teeth when the free clinic pulled them. I told the technician this and she failed to tell me that I should wait until the tooth fragments worked their way out of my gums and as a result there is a big gap between the outside of my gum and the denture. Big enough to pack a lunch in when I eat. Then the technician actually moved the mold cup before the mold was set then pushed it back into place.
My heart goes out to people who have had a negative experience with Affordable Dentures. I’ve heard that the location of the different offices matters, and this must be right, because I have had a positive experience overall at the Cedar Rapids location. I had 22 teeth extracted and immediate dentures placed in May, 2017. The dentist there is a little spitfire — Dr ** — and she worked like a dog extracting my teeth. At the same time she was also gentle. The procedure didn’t leave me with bruises on my chin and jaw caused by the dentist leaning on you.

I worked here for six years with the same doctor who was amazing. We got one weeks notice that he was leaving and they brought in a new dentist. The new guy was great too. Everything was fine until I came in to work and found out (from someone coming in to apply for a job, NOT MY BOSS) that both my job and our front desk lady’s job was posted online. We had been denied raises for 6 years because corporate said we were hired on at a rate higher than we should have been. I called my regional manager to ask if I was being fired and was told that they were going to be interviewing to see what kind of talent was out there. Basically they were going to fire people who had worked there for SIX YEARS to hire someone to work for less money. Do not think that you or your family matter to those people! All they care about is the bottom line and you are just a number. Six years I worked there, and I even ran the front and the back when our front desk was out for almost 6 months with open heart surgery.... and that’s how I got treated.

Full or partial dentures consist of a gum-colored base made of plastic resin, which fits over the remaining alveolar (bone) ridge that formerly held the teeth. The prosthetic teeth projecting from the base are designed to look and function just like your natural teeth. Dentures are held in place primarily by the suctioning effect of their close fit against the alveolar ridges — that's why it's so important that they are fitted properly. The upper denture also gets extra support from the large surface area of the roof of the mouth (palate), which generally makes it extremely stable.
When you lose a tooth, the nearby teeth may tilt or drift into the empty space. The teeth in the other jaw may also shift up or down toward the space. This can affect your bite and place more stress on your teeth and jaws. You may find it harder to clean teeth that have shifted, which can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. That is why it is important to replace missing teeth.
Cold cured or cold pour dentures, also known as temporary dentures, do not look very natural, are not very durable, tend to be highly porous and are only used as a temporary expedient until a more permanent solution is found. These types of dentures are inferior and tend to cost much less due to their quick production time (usually minutes) and low cost materials. It is not suggested that a patient wear a cold cured denture for a long period of time, for they are prone to cracks and can break rather easily.

Most patients need a few weeks to get used to the feel and use of their new dentures. Until the muscles of the cheeks and tongue adjust to the new dentures and learn to keep them in place, they may feel a little loose. It will also take time before you are comfortable putting your dentures in place and removing them. Since the mouth increases the amount of saliva produced in reaction to the new dentures, patients should expect to have mild sores and irritations in their mouth.


The investigation underlined the importance of giving the patient information regarding the limitations of full dentures and information to facilitate the patient's adaptation to the new denture, advice on diet, including difficulties liable to be encountered in the use of an adequate allround diet. The investigation also showed the necessity of re-examination at regular intervals, as the patients were often unaware of changes impairing the function of their dentures. About 25% reported symptoms of functional disorders of the masticatory system. This together with other recent results underline the importance of including a functional analysis of the masticatory system in the examination and diagnosis of patients with complete dentures.
Dental Bridges: A dental bridge refers to a single false tooth or span of up to three prosthetic teeth that are attached to adjacent natural teeth with metal and plastic connectors or dental crowns. Bridges help to preserve some of the mouth's structural integrity by leaving as many natural teeth in place as possible. However, patients that are missing the majority of their teeth are typically not good candidates for dental bridges. Good candidates for dental bridges must have healthy gums and some healthy natural teeth that can act as anchors.

The discount program provides access to the Aetna Dental Access® network. This network is administered by Aetna Life Insurance Company (ALIC). Neither ALIC nor any of its affiliates offers or administers the discount program. Neither ALIC nor any of its affiliates is an affiliate, agent, representative or employee of the discount program. Dental providers are independent contractors and not employees or agents of ALIC or its affiliates. ALIC does not provide dental care or treatment and is not responsible for outcomes.


You can’t put a price on your health, and you can’t put a price on the convenience and confidence dentures provide. That said, take any relevant issues into account as you are making your decision to invest in dentures. If you can avoid doing so, skip the cheap dentures, and spend your time looking for affordable dentures prices from dentists in your area.
As you may know, dentures are removable substitutes for missing teeth. Full dentures provide value when a person is missing all of their natural teeth while partial dentures replace only individual missing teeth to eliminate gaps and improve chewing. Denture treatment is customized specifically to each patient, and Dr. Yonan, Scott, Bushnell, Fairbanks & Quigley can help you decide which option works best for you.
Cold cured or cold pour dentures, also known as temporary dentures, do not look very natural, are not very durable, tend to be highly porous and are only used as a temporary expedient until a more permanent solution is found. These types of dentures are inferior and tend to cost much less due to their quick production time (usually minutes) and low cost materials. It is not suggested that a patient wear a cold cured denture for a long period of time, for they are prone to cracks and can break rather easily.

Full-mouth restoration is exactly what it sounds like, restoring natural-looking teeth to both arches. Upper and lower teeth are supported by multiple dental implants — usually four implants per arch — spread evenly across the jawlines. Patients can expect to get their old smile back and a much more natural chewing and eating scenario compared to regular traditional dentures.
PORT SAINT LUCIE, FLORIDA -- I called my heart doctor to see how long I needed to stay off my blood thinner to be able to have a tooth pulled. My heart doctor said that I could not go off meds but could get tooth pulled. I called Affordable Dentures in Port Saint Lucie, FL and spoke to lady on phone and told her my condition which she said that they needed a letter from my heart doctor. I asked what was the fax number and doctor name to have my letter faxed to and she gave me that information. Later this woman called and told me that they had received fax and gave me an appointment for April 13th at 9:30.
Our office is independently owned and operated, but we have the resources of a national network of implant and denture providers. With our on-site lab, we’re able to deliver same-day results in many cases. We strive to maintain lower rates by avoiding off-site lab needs and relying on our own highly trained technicians. Financing is available for qualified borrowers, and we do accept some insurance plans. If we’re not in your network, then we can provide you with a walk-out statement so you can expedite your own claim.
Under the direction of dentist Clark Damon, Texas Denture Clinic and Implant Center has become the dental implant destination in Fort Worth, TX and Richardson, Tx. As a true Dental Implant Center, rather than visiting a separate practice for each phase of your dental implant treatment, you can receive high-quality care from start to finish in a single office using the latest techniques and technology. 

Some partial dentures are made almost entirely of acrylic – but just like metal framework dentures, acrylic dentures have wire clasps that attach to any remaining natural teeth. These are generally used as a cost-effective alternative to metal-based partial dentures. They can also be used for transitional dentures when you’re expected to have additional prosthetic treatments, such as implants, in the future.
Hormones released during pregnancy softens the cardia muscle ring that keeps food within the stomach. Hydrochloric acid is the acid involved in gastric reflux, also known as morning sickness. This acid, at a pH of 1.5-3.5 coats the enamel on the teeth; at a pH of 6.5 and mainly affect the palatal surfaces of the maxillary teeth, eventually the enamel is softened and easily wears away.
If you still aren’t sure whether or not dentures are right for you or if you have other questions or concerns, talk to your dentist at your next regular dental checkup to discuss the right path for you. If you are looking for a dental professional who specializes in dentures and can best address your specific needs, check out 123 Dentist and find a dentist in your area who’s a perfect fit for you.
Removable partial dentures usually consist of replacement teeth attached to pink or gum-colored plastic bases, which are connected by metal framework. Removable partial dentures attach to your natural teeth with metal clasps or devices called precision attachments. Precision attachments are generally more aesthetic than metal clasps and they are nearly invisible. Crowns on your natural teeth may improve the fit of a removable partial denture and they are usually required with attachments. Dentures with precision attachments generally cost more than those with metal clasps.
well it's  been over a year now. and iam still a very  happy smiling!! patient  of dr. atari. affordable  dentures & implants. i have refferd several people. each person that has gone can't thank aaffordable dentures/implants or dr .atari  and the wonderful staff !!!enough.  and me too. for recommending , referring ,them. the best and great for your wallet as well..should be 10 stars !and the ladys at the front are also 10 stars! without them  what would they do ? we do ????   thank you again.  so much for my beautiful beautiful smile and giving me the ability to smile big and beautiful again.. sincerely toni barajas.
For many years, partial dentures have been used to replace groups of teeth or a few teeth scattered across the lower or upper jaw. There are a variety of removable partial dentures available to patients and each one comes with its own set of benefits and disadvantages. All partial dentures attach to remaining teeth and have a gum–colored portion meant to blend into the existing gum, with prosthetic teeth to replace the missing teeth. 
Tooth-supported fixed bridge. The most common alternative to dental implants for a single tooth, fixed bridges involve grinding away – in other words, intentionally damaging – healthy adjacent teeth that are used to attach and support the bridge. The tooth-supported bridge does not stimulate natural bone growth beneath it, so the bone may deteriorate over time. Bridges generally fail after 5-10 years because patient have difficulty flossing them, which makes the root surfaces below and around the bridgework highly susceptible to decay.
Some patients who believe they have 'bad teeth' may consider having all of them extracted and replaced with complete dentures. However, statistics show that most patients who receive this treatment wind up regretting it. This is because complete dentures have only 10% of the chewing power of natural teeth, and it is difficult to get them fitted satisfactorily, particularly in the mandibular arch. Even if a patient retains one tooth there, that one tooth contributes significantly to the stability of the denture. However, retention of just one or two teeth in the upper jaw does not contribute much to the overall stability of a denture, since an upper complete denture tends to be very stable, in contrast to a lower complete denture. It is thus advised that patients keep their natural teeth as long as possible, especially in the case of lower teeth.
Remember when I mentioned the people up front being incompetent? The worst part is that they botched the paperwork with my insurance company and now I owe Affordable Dentures 700 bucks (which I really don't have). I implore anyone who is thinking about Affordable Dentures to listen to what I am saying. If possible save your money and wait. Or perhaps see if you have a family member who can help you pay to get the work done at a reputable dentist.
Unlike other dental practices, your dentures and denture repairs will be made right in your local office. That means fewer office visits, faster turnaround times, and affordable pricing since you’re not paying for a third-party lab. It also means your dentist and denture technician can more easily work together to make denture adjustments for a better fit.
Although dentures have helped millions of people around the world in regaining the ability to eat the foods they want, there are several disadvantages associated with the dental appliance. Some of the drawbacks of dentures disappear once the patients get used to wearing the device. Other problems with dentures may become an issue for the patient and lead them to seek alternative treatments for missing teeth.
No matter your role, you will find the rewards of working with us to be, well, extremely rewarding. As the nation’s largest affiliated dental practice network of its kind, Affordable Dentures & Implants is able—and proud—to offer the array of benefits someone of your abilities deserves. So whether you’re a dentist or lab professional or part of one of our practice or business support teams, you will be supported and rewarded for what you do.
This plan is NOT insurance. This is not a qualified health plan under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This plan does not meet the minimum creditable coverage requirements under M.G.L. c. 111M and 956 CMR 5.00. This is not a Medicare prescription drug plan. The plan provides discounts at participating providers for services. The plan does not make payments directly to providers. The plan member is obligated to pay for all services but will receive a discount from participating providers. The range of discounts will vary depending on the type of provider and services. The licensed Discount Plan Organization is Coverdell & Company, Inc., at 8770 W. Bryn Mawr, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60631, 1-800-240-2973. Plan not available in Alaska, Louisiana, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington. To view a listing of participating providers visit Find a Provider. You have the right to cancel this plan within 30 days after the effective date for a full refund. Such refund will be issued within 30 days of request.
Dentures (also known as false teeth) are prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth; they are supported by the surrounding soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Conventional dentures are removable (removable partial denture or complete denture). However, there are many denture designs, some which rely on bonding or clasping onto teeth or dental implants (fixed prosthodontics). There are two main categories of dentures, the distinction being whether they are used to replace missing teeth on the mandibular arch or on the maxillary arch.
Our doctors and friendly staff are ready to help you enhance your smile or completely restore a smile affected by decay or missing teeth. In order to keep your smile beautiful, we also offer free teeth whitening for life services. We have 3 confident dentist - all of whom have had additional residency training. Owned and operated by Dr. Damon, he cares about your care! Our staff cares and we Listen to our patients! Our dental services range from porcelain veneers, crowns, dental bridges, single implants, multiple implants, permanent "Teeth in a Day", and dentures. Our practice is an exclusive provider of Nobel Biocare® products, which are renowned for their quality and durability. Nobel Biocare led the way in advancing the All on Four Dental Implant Concept, developed Immediate Implant placement protocols, Immediate Load protocols, and developed the newest Trefoil Implant Concept. Dr. Damon is a lecturer for Nobel Biocare on the All on Four and Trefoil Implant Concepts. 
Affordable Dentures and Implants can be an ideal place to work; however, each office is owned by a different dentist. This may determine if you advance within the company, your pay raise, and overall office environment. The office environment I am a part of is poorly managed with a high turnover rate. Advancing within the company is not an option. The doctor does not monitor staff activities through out the day nor patient flow. Bonuses can be achieved if meeting and morning huddles were implemented. She does not encourage office cohesiveness or educating staff. Her leadership skills are poor and needs improving. Her drive is office chaos. This office needs leadership replacement to succeed.

In either case, as you are making the decision between dentures versus bridges, it is very important to speak with your dental professional. Contact Arkansas Family Dental if you have questions about dentures or bridges. You can also schedule an appointment with either Dr. Nichols or Dr. Mascagni for help deciding between your tooth replacement options.
There are three main ways to replace missing teeth. The first is with a removable false tooth (or teeth) - called a partial denture. The second is with a fixed bridge. A bridge is usually used when there are fewer teeth to replace, or when the missing teeth are only on one side of the mouth. The third way is by the use of dental ‘implants'. This is where an artificial root is placed into the bone of the jaw and a crown or bridge placed on top of this. See our leaflet ‘Tell me about: dental implants'.
This type of denture is made to be placed in the mouth immediately after you have all your natural teeth extracted. This allows you to leave the office without the embarrassment of having no teeth while the gums heal from the extraction. The denture is made to conform to your mouth at the moment impressions were taken. Your gums will change drastically over the next few months and it is possible that the dentures will rub against the gums causing some soreness until the denture is adjusted. Most patients will require a realignment of their denture within the first few months due to the gums shrinking from the extraction of teeth. Another benefit of immediate dentures is the fact that the dentures act as a bandage to the extraction sites which covers the tooth sockets and prevents them from becoming irritated. Just remember, never remove the denture yourself, even for a brief moment unless your dentist has instructed you to. The gums have a tendency to swell when uncovered at first; and if you are without your dentures for a little while, they may never go back in.
Been struggling with getting my dentures since June. After waiting weeks for first appointment, came back for second appointment. Was told can't complete services because location was then closing for a week because first doc was fired. Asked me to reschedule at least a week after reopening since they'd need to catch up. So I rearranged my schedule. OK. Came back yesterday, Thursday, and the girl dropped my impression on the floor right in front of me, then told me to come back at 1:00. I asked if needed to redo the impression but she just brushed it off. As soon as I was 10 miles away, I was called back to redo the impression because they needed a better one. OK. So I return and make another impression, and left with pain, bleeding, and swelling. Told to return at 1:30 to get my new teeth. OK.
If you do not have much money and you need dental care or extractions and a full denture you can try calling Missions od Mercy and go to one of their free clinics...Many states are now doing the LARELL One Step Denture for the clinic patients...You can have teeth removed and after that get a free LARELL Denture if Missions of Mercy has the denture clinic... Just takes an hour and you leave with brand new great looking dentures. You can call and see if they offer the Larell clinic for dentures... I got mine in Sacramento Ca last year and they are really great.
Dr. Athari has an amazing sense of calm about him. He walked us through everything and talked to us throughout the procedure. My mom needed frequent breaks during the surgery and he always gave her the time she needed to regroup. He was very gentle and mindful with her throughout the procedure, and I'm certain that's what got my mom through it without issue.

Since there is nothing for the Conventional Denture to latch onto, this type of appliance generally has more retentive issues as compared to an implant-retained denture. The latter is held in place by strategic placement of dental implants that are embedded into the patient’s jaw, providing greater stability and strength. The increased stability also means optimum comfort and functionality of the new prosthetic teeth. Go to our webpage Dentures Brisbane CBD for further reading on Full Dentures.

The lower denture's teeth surface is even with the gum surface making the lower plate essentially flat. I mean there is no white tooth higher than the pink gum material. Not knowing the difference and trusting these so called "professionals," I have worn the partials for 8 years now and my bite is so off that my upper and lower front teeth butt against each other and has resulted in wearing them flat, taking the edge off them.
Affordable Dentures, Franklin, Indiana, should be closed and prohibited from operating in the state. An investigation of this office and the qualifications of its staff are imperative. When I paid $1990 on my credit card to the assistant named "**"€, I asked for a copy of my file. **'s reply was, "What do you need it for?" I said I have the right to access my medical records. She said, "We don'€™t do that."€ Affordable Dentures willfully violates HIPPA law.

Regardless of the type of dentures you get, it will take some time to get used to them.  Don’t be surprised if it takes you a few weeks to get accustomed to the feel of your new dentures. Most people experience some level of discomfort or soreness in the beginning. If you experience pain as well, speak to your dentures dentist about what you can do to minimize the discomfort.

This is my third time taking my grandpa to this establishment. Every time our “appointment” is never when we go back. We have to wait almost 3 hours to even get to the back. When I asked someone at the desk how long it would be they said “you are next to go back” that was almost an hour ago, and more than 7 people have went in before us. If you make an appointment you should not have to wait 3 hours for someone who has not made an appointment.
The gums, tongue and palate should be brushed with a soft bristle brush every evening when the dentures are removed, and each day before you insert them to stimulate the gums and remove plaque accumulation. When removing dentures at night, brush them carefully to remove any loose debris and plaque then soak them in a cleansing solution. Your dentist will be able to recommend one. Some people keep theirs in an ultrasonic cleaner, but keep in mind that an ultrasonic cleaner doesn’t replace brushing. When cleaning your dentures, place a towel beneath them or clean them over a sink filled with water to avoid breakage.
Having a Dallas dentist who understands the special needs of those with tooth loss and the need for synthetic replacement is important. At Dallas Dentures & Implants, we are able to work with patients whether they have recently lost teeth, have an impending tooth loss, or have been wearing prostheses for years. For many people, we offer a solution to oral pain and uncomfortable, extensive procedures. Instead, we will work to create realistic and comfortable replacements that create a beautiful smile. If you are interested in finding out more or want to come in for a consultation, call us today.
Daily cleaning of dentures is recommended. Plaque and tartar can build up on false teeth, just as they do on natural teeth.[24] Cleaning can be done using chemical or mechanical denture cleaners. Dentures should not be worn continuously, but rather left out of the mouth during sleep.[25] This is to give the tissues a chance to recover, and wearing dentures at night is likened to sleeping in shoes. The main risk is development of fungal infection, especially denture-related stomatitis. Dentures should also be removed while smoking, as the heat can damage the denture acrylic and overheated acrylic can burn the soft tissues.
Friendly Dental Group accepts mosts dental insurances and provides a VIP Dental Discount Plan which  for those who aren’t insured and cannot pay for high premiums. It is $275 a year for the primary member and $175 for family members, covering all dental procedures including dentures which would cost around $75-$950. It is much less compared to the thousands being charged for dentures without insurance. Care credit flexible payments are accepted by the VIP Dental Discounts with no annual fee, available for the entire family, and confidential credit decisions.
Premium heat cured dentures can cost $2,000-$4,000 per denture, or $4,000-$8,000 or more for a set. Dentures in this price range are usually completely customized and personalized, use high-end materials to simulate the lifelike look of gums and teeth as closely as possible, last a long time and are warranted against chipping and cracking for 5–10 years or longer. Often the price includes several follow-up visits to fine-tune the fit.
MCCALLA, ALABAMA -- 5/8/18 I had all my remaining top teeth removed & an immediate denture (ID) put in. First, I was the last surgery of the day. The dentist let all his experienced staff leave & had the receptionist assist him! He had to tell her every little thing to do. She couldn't even work the suction instrument correctly & she finally just quit suctioning my mouth!
I went back anyway. When looking into my mouth, ** told me, "Nothing is wrong with the partial. It'€™s you." You have a lip like Elvis. You snarl like Elvis and that'€™s why you think the teeth look funny." I am 61 years old and never in my life have I been told I look like Elvis. I have never had elevated teeth on one side, either. I asked to speak to the dentist and in came Dr. **, owner of the practice. She looked at my mouth and told me I shouldn't criticize her work and I should leave. I asked her to take the partial and make the teeth the same length.
Full arch dentures take up more space in the mouth than your normal teeth. Because of this, there is an adjustment period of time where you may notice difficulty in pronouncing certain words or talking in general. As dentures get re-adjusted and re-fitted, you may notice a difference in pronunciation and will have to make minor speech adjustments again.
Patients can become entirely edentulous (without teeth) for many reasons, the most prevalent being removal due to dental disease typically relating to oral flora control, i.e., periodontal disease and tooth decay. Other reasons include pregnancy, tooth developmental defects caused by severe malnutrition, genetic defects such as dentinogenesis imperfecta, trauma, or drug use.
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